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Bond strength of a universal bonding agent and other contemporary dental adhesives applied on enamel, dentin, composite, and porcelain

Applied Adhesion Science volume 2, Article number: 25 (2014) Cite this article

Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare the bonding ability of a universal dental adhesive (Scotchbond Universal/SBU, 3 M ESPE) and other contemporary dental bonding agents applied to different substrates: enamel, dentin, resin composite, and porcelain. SBU was tested using both the etch-and-rinse/ER and self-etch/SE bonding approaches. The other adhesives tested were Scotchbond Multipurpose/SBMP (3 M ESPE), Single Bond 2/SB (3 M ESPE), and Clearfil SE Bond/CLSE (Kuraray). Specimens of each substrate were prepared for microtensile bond strength test/μTBS (dentin and composite) or shear/SBS test (enamel and porcelain). In composite and porcelain, negative (no treatment) and positive (silane + SB) control groups were tested. Data were analyzed using One-Way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). In enamel, SBU resulted in similar SBS (p ≥ 0.458) compared to all other adhesives (SBMP = 19.0 ± 10.2B; SB = 26.6 ± 9.3A; CLSE = 26.0 ± 8.5A; SBU-SE = 23.5 ± 8.4AB; SBU-ER = 22.6 ± 9.9AB). In dentin, SBU showed similar results to all other materials (p ≥ 0.123), except SB (p ≤ 0.045), which showed the highest μTBS (SBMP = 35.4 ± 10.5AB; SB = 39.4 ± 11.2A; CLSE = 36.6 ± 10.9AB; SB-SE = 28.1 ± 13.7B; SBU-ER = 26.9 ± 7.4B). In resin composite, SBU and the positive control presented similar μTBS (p = 0.963), and were higher than the negative control (p ≤ 0.001) (SBU = 28.4 ± 9.9A; positive control = 29.5 ± 11.7A; negative control = 12.1 ± 8.7B). In porcelain, SBU had higher SBS than the positive control (p = 0.001), which showed higher SBS (p < 0.001) than the negative control (SBU = 29.0 ± 6.9A; positive control = 21.0 ± 7.0B; negative control = 5.3 ± 2.7C). Equilibrium of adhesive and mixed failures occurred in dentin and resin composite, whereas a predominance of adhesive failures was observed in enamel and porcelain. In conclusion, the bonding ability of the universal adhesive was comparable to the other contemporary bonding agents tested, although it was dependent on the substrate evaluated. Universal adhesives seem to have potential applicability in adhesive dentistry.

Background

Adhesive bonding in dentistry is a process dependent on several factors, such as the type of substrate [1], type of adhesive substance(s) [2], humidity of the environment [3],[4], and operator’s ability in performing the bonding procedure [5]. With regard to the dental substrates, adhesive procedures are usually performed to achieve bond to dental enamel and dentin. Enamel is a highly-mineralized substrate constituted of almost 100 wt% of hydroxyapatite crystals, which do not require a wet surface during adhesive procedures for proper bonding. By contrast, dentin is a more complex substrate constituted of both mineral and organic phases (e.g., collagen fibrils), as well as water. Consequently, bonding to dentin is challenging because an ideal moisture condition should be maintained to avoid collapse of the collagen matrix and allow proper adhesive infiltration of the adhesive into the demineralized substrate [1],[6].

Dental adhesive systems are commonly characterized by the application of three different substances that fill three distinct clinical steps: etching, priming, and bonding [7]. Etching corresponds to the application of an acid substance to demineralize the surface; priming is the preparation of the etched surface before application of the adhesive, and it is usually applied to dentin alone. Bonding is the application of the hydrophobic resin bond adhesive over enamel and dentin. Acid-etching might be a separate clinical step (etch-and-rinse technique approach [1]), or it might be produced by acidic functional monomers (self-etch materials) [2]. Despite their differences, both techniques have demonstrated long-lasting dental bonding results [1],[2].

One of the most recent novelties in adhesive dentistry was the introduction of ‘universal’ or ‘multi-mode’ adhesives. These materials are simplified adhesives, usually containing all bonding components in a single bottle. Universal adhesives may be applied either in etch-and-rinse or self-etching bonding approaches, according to manufacturers’ claims. In addition, some universal adhesives may contain silane in their formulation, potentially eliminating the silanization step when bonding to glass ceramics or resin composites, for instance. Nevertheless, it is known that simplified materials are associated with lower in vitro bond strength results and poorer in vivo longevity of restorations [8]–[10]. These findings are probably a result of the complex formulation of simplified adhesives and their high content of solvents, which may impair complete solvent volatilization and consequently lead to poorer adhesive polymerization [11],[12].

The aim of this study was to investigate the bonding ability of a universal dental adhesive to different dental substrates (enamel, dentin, composite, and porcelain) in comparison to other contemporary dental bonding agents. The hypothesis tested was that the universal adhesive would have similar bond strength results to the other adhesives irrespective of the substrate tested.

Methods

Study design

The design of this in vitro study is shown in Figure 1. Dental substrates (enamel and dentin) and material substrates (resin composite and porcelain) were used to investigate the bond strength performance of distinct bonding agents. The bonding agents tested were: the universal adhesive Scotchbond Universal/SBU (3 M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA), the 3-step, etch-and-rinse Scotchbond Multipurpose/SBMP (3 M ESPE), the 2-step, etch-and-rinse Single Bond 2/SB (3 M ESPE), and the 2-step, self-etch Clearfil SE Bond/CLSE (Kuraray, Osaka, Japan). SBU was tested using both the etch-and-rinse and self-etch bonding approaches. When testing resin composite and porcelain, only SBU was investigated and compared to positive and negative control groups: the positive control was comprised of the application of silane (Silane, Dentsply, York, PA, USA) and SB, whereas the negative control was characterized by no prior treatment of substrates. Information about the pH (which was measured in triplicate using a pHmeter – Analion, model FM 608, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil), manufacturer, lot number, composition, and directions of application of the bonding agents used are presented in Table 1. The response variables tested were bond strength (MPa) and failure mode, and the number of specimens tested in each group was 20.

Figure 1
figure 1

Experimental design of the study. SBU – Scotchbond Universal; ER – etch-and-rinse; SE – self-etch; SBMP – Scotchbond Multipurpose; SB – Single Bond 2; CLSE – Clearfil SE Bond; SBS – shear bond strength; and μTBS – microtensile bond strength.

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Table 1 Information of pH, manufacturer, lot number, composition, and directions of application of the adhesive materials investigated in the study
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Preparation of tooth substrates

Enamel and dentin specimens were obtained from fifty bovine incisors, which were properly cleaned, disinfected in 0.5% chloramine-T solution for seven days, and cut to remove the roots. All teeth specimens were randomly allocated into two groups according to the substrate to be tested: enamel or dentin. Enamel specimens were prepared for shear bond strength/SBS testing, i.e., the specimens were embedded in acrylic resin and then wet-ground at the buccal face using 600-grit silicon carbide (SiC) paper in order to standardize the smear layer [1]. Dentin specimens were prepared for microtensile bond strength/μTBS testing, i.e., the specimens were wet-ground using 600-grit SiC paper until exposure of medium dentin. Both enamel and dentin were acid etched with 37% phosphoric acid (Condac 37; FGM, Joinville, SC, Brazil) for 30 s and 15 s, respectively and rinsed with water for the same period of the acid-etching. Enamel was completely dried with compressed air, while dentin was kept moist (i.e., neither dry nor wet).

Preparation of resin composite and porcelain

Fifteen resin composite specimens were prepared by placing a microhybrid composite (Opallis; FGM – shade A3) into a silicone rectangular mold (18 × 10 mm; 3 mm thickness) using an incremental technique. Each increment was light-activated for 20 s with a light-emitting diode (LED) light-curing unit (Radii, SDI, Bayswater, VIC, Australia). The specimens were then prepared for μTBS testing following the same procedures described for dentin specimenss.

Fifteen porcelain specimens (12 × 10 mm; 2.5 mm thickness) were obtained from feldspathic porcelain blocks for CAD/CAM (Vitablocks Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany). The blocks were cut using a water-cooled diamond saw (Isomet 1000, Buheler Ltd, Lake Bluff, IL, USA) at low speed. The specimens were then prepared for SBS testing following the same protocol described for the preparation of enamel specimens, except for the acid-etching step which was carried out using 10% hydrofluoric acid for 90 s (Condac Porcelana, FGM).

Bonding protocol

The bonding agents were applied according to the manufacturers’ directions of application, which are shown in Table 1. Specimens prepared for SBS testing were prepared by inserting resin composite into a silicone mold containing four cylindrical orifices (1.5 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm in thickness) followed by light-activation for 20 s. The adhesive was light-activated for 20 s after positioning the mold onto the surfaces in order to delimitate the bonding area. Specimens prepared for μTBS testing were prepared by placing three increments of resin composite over the surfaces and light-activation for 20 s each increment. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C, for 24 h, and then sectioned in two perpendicular directions to the bonded interface, resulting in beam-shaped specimens with approximately 0.8 mm2 of transverse-sectional area.

Bond strength testing and failure mode analysis

After storage of all specimens in distilled water, for 24 h, the shear and microtensile bonding tests were carried out using a mechanical testing machine (DL500; São José dos Pinhais, PR, Brazil). While the specimens for SBS test were looped with a thin wire and tested under shear stress, the specimens for μTBS test were positioned in a specific jig and then tested under tensile stress [13]. Both SBS and μTBS tests were performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure, and the bond strength data were calculated in MPa.

After the test, all surfaces were examined using a light stereomicroscope at 40× magnification in an attempt to identify the failure patterns obtained after each bond strength test performed. Failure modes were classified as adhesive, cohesive in the substrate (enamel, dentin, original composite, or porcelain), cohesive in the composite restoration (‘fresh composite’ for resin composite substrate), or mixed.

Statistical analysis

The pH of adhesives as well as the bond strength data were analyzed with the statistical program SigmaPlot version 12 (Systat Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA) using One-Way Analysis of Variance and Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05).

Results

pH of the adhesives

The pH of the four adhesives evaluated is shown in Table 1. The pH has decreased significantly in the following order: SB > SBMP (Primer) > SBU > CLSE (p < 0.001).

Bond strength to enamel

The results of bond strength to enamel are presented in Table 2. SB and CLSE resulted in higher bond strength than SBMP (p ≤ 0.018), although similar to SBU and regardless of the etching approach used (p ≥ 0.458). SBU demonstrated similar SBS compared to all other adhesives (p ≥ 0.145).

Table 2 Shear bond strength means and standard deviation (±SD) for enamel and porcelain
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Bond strength to dentin

The results of bond strength to dentin are shown in Table 3. SB had the highest bond strength, which was similar to CLSE and SBMP (p ≥ 0.848) and higher than SBU applied under both ER and SE techniques (p ≤ 0.045). SBU resulted in similar μTBS to CLSE and SBMP (p ≥ 0.123).

Table 3 Microtensile bond strength means and standard deviation (±SD) for dentin and resin composite
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Bond strength to resin composite

The results of bond strength to resin composite are displayed in Table 3. SBU and the positive control resulted in similar μTBS results (p = 0.963), which were higher than the negative control (p ≤ 0.001).

Bond strength to porcelain

The results of bond strength to porcelain are shown in Table 2. SBU had higher SBS than the positive control (p ≤ 0.001), and both showed higher bond strength than the negative control (p ≤ 0.001).

Failure analysis

The failure modes results for all bond strength tests performed in the study is shown in Figure 2. In enamel, predominance of adhesive failures was observed in all groups (Figure 2a). In dentin, equilibrium of adhesive and mixed failures was detected (Figure 2b). In resin composite, while the negative control showed only adhesive failures, the positive control and SBU groups presented similar percentages of adhesive and mixed failures (Figure 2c). In porcelain, virtually all failures were adhesive in the negative control and in lower frequency in the other groups (Figure 2d).

Figure 2
figure 2

Failure patterns obtained after bond strength evaluation of the adhesive systems applied in enamel (a), dentin (b), resin composite (c), and porcelain (d).

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Discussion

The type of substrate is one of the most important factors affecting the bonding performance of adhesives in dentistry [1]. The chemistry of the substrates, that might be dental tissues or restorative materials, may request the application of specific materials to allow a satisfactory and long-lasting bonding. Dentin, for instance, is naturally a complex and wet substrate, requiring the application of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials; enamel, on the other hand, requires the application of a hydrophobic material only, since its composition is almost exclusively inorganic [1],[2]. In contrast, restorative materials such as resin composites and porcelains have a low reactive structure after curing/sintering, thus requiring the application of specific components to make their surface active again and prone to adhesion [14]. Some universal adhesives present a versatile formulation that may enable adhesion to any type of substrate, although the performance of universal adhesives tested to different substrates still needs further investigation.

Universal adhesives have the versatility of being applied to dental tissues either using etch-and-rinse/ER or self-etch/SE bonding approaches. Although SE adhesives are easier to apply and commonly less technique-sensitive than ER versions [2], it has been shown that both techniques may lead to appropriates dental bonding [1],[2]. Results of the present study corroborate with those previous findings, since groups SBU-SE and SBU-ER had similar enamel and dentin bond strengths. Taking into consideration that the acid-etching with 37% phosphoric acid was the only difference between the groups, it can be suggested that the application of the acid as a separate clinical step is not essential to improve the bond strength results when using the universal adhesive tested herein. This may be due to the unique composition of SBU (Table 1): first, it is constituted of 10-MDP, which is a phosphate monomer that renders the adhesive an acidic character (in Table 1, SBU and CLSE, which are both 10-MDP-based adhesives, showed the lowest pH values), enabling simultaneous demineralization and monomer infiltration [2]; second, 10-MDP is a recognized monomer able to chemically interact with tooth minerals [2], improving the long-term stability of the adhesion formed; lastly, SBU is also comprised of a polyalkenoic acid copolymer (Vitrebond™ copolymer), which, according to the manufacturer, provides satisfactory bonding to dentin under moist or dry conditions [11].

In enamel, the universal adhesive showed similar bond strength to all the other adhesive systems investigated (Table 2), demonstrating that it would be a good option to promote adhesion between resin composites and enamel. Special attention should be addressed to the SBU-SE group, which involved in a single adhesive step of application, differently from the other adhesives. Indeed, the possibility of using an easy and faster bonding agent to satisfactorily bond to enamel and without compromising the adhesion outcome is still important and desired in dentistry [2]. However, it should be highlighted that the selective enamel etching clinical technique is still regarded as the most reliable approach to bond to dental enamel when using self-etch adhesives [15].

In dentin, the bond strength of the universal adhesive was similar to all bonding agents except SB. Considering that dentin is a challenging substrate for adhesion and that the universal SBU is comprised of a heterogeneous composition that mixes various different components into the same solution (e.g., acidic and non-acidic monomers, solvents, fillers, initiators, and silane – Table 1), the combination of these factors may have probably decreased the bonding ability of SBU to dentin. SB, on the other hand, has a less complex composition than SBU, thus allowing satisfactory adhesion, which is corroborated by several previous studies [16]–[19]. However, this study tested only the immediate bond strength to dentin, and it is known that etch-and-rinse adhesives tend to generate less stable dentin bonding as compared with self-etch adhesives [8].

In resin composite, SBU resulted in similar bond strength when compared to the positive control (i.e., the conventional protocol used to repair resin composite restorations – application of silane and adhesive). In porcelain, SBU showed the highest bond strength, which was higher than the positive control (i.e., application of silane and adhesive) as well as the negative control (no treatment). The repair process of restorative materials such as resin composites and porcelains can be performed by using several chemical substances and physical methods [14],[20],[21], although the most common procedure performed by dental practitioners is the application of silane prior to the adhesive material. Silane is a coupling agent that interacts with the inorganic glass fillers of resin composites [22]. Consequently, silane is usually applied on the surface of the composites during repairs, for instance. Silane could make the surface of the restorative active again and thus able to adhesively interact with the fresh repairing composite. In a similar fashion, silane is also used for bonding or repairing porcelains, but only after the prior application of hydrofluoric acid, which produces micro-retentions on the surface [23]. In the present study, SBU resulted in higher or similar bond strength when compared to the positive controls, irrespective of the substrate tested. This finding is likely a result of the silane molecule presented in SBU formulation, allowing proper chemical interaction with the glass phases of porcelain and composite.

The present findings demonstrated that the universal dental adhesive tested herein allowed satisfactory adhesion to different substrates of application as compared to the other contemporary agents tested. Findings of the failure analysis corroborate in showing similar performance between the adhesives investigated (Figure 2). It is important to note that SBU performed differently depending on the substrate, thus allowing only the partial acceptance of the study hypothesis.The present study had some limitations, including the immediate (24 h) testing only and absence of scanning electron microscopy analysis, which would have contributed to the understanding of the quality of the adhesive interfaces. Furthermore, the bonding ability of other universal adhesives on additional substrates (e.g., metals, sclerotic dentin, different types of ceramics, among others) still needs evaluation to confirm the universal applicability of these materials.

Conclusion

The bonding ability of the universal adhesive was comparable to the other contemporary dental bonding agents tested, although it was dependent on the substrate evaluated. Universal adhesives seem to have potential applicability in different areas of the adhesive dentistry.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank FGM Produtos Odontológicos for donation of the composite resin used in the study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Pelotas, 96015-560, RS, Brazil

    Cristina P Isolan, Lisia L Valente, Eliseu A Münchow, Gabriela R Basso & Rafael R Moraes

  2. Developmental and Control Center of Biomaterials, Federal University of Pelotas, Rua Gonçalves Chaves, 457, Pelotas, 96015-560, RS, Brazil

    Alice H Pimentel, Jülia K Schwantz, Andreza V da Silva & Rafael R Moraes

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  1. Cristina P Isolan
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Authors’ contributions

CPI, LLV, and GRB participated in the study design, data collection, data interpretation, manuscript drafting and critical revision. AHP, JKS and AVS participated in the laboratory analyses and data collection. EAM performed the statistical analysis and participated in the data interpretation. RRM participated in the supervision of laboratory research, manuscript drafting, and critical revision. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Isolan, C.P., Valente, L.L., Münchow, E.A. et al. Bond strength of a universal bonding agent and other contemporary dental adhesives applied on enamel, dentin, composite, and porcelain. Appl Adhes Sci 2, 25 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40563-014-0025-x

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