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The effect of a bonding agent and thermo-mechanical cycling on the bond strength of a glass-ceramic to gold and cobalt-chromium alloys

Abstract

To evaluate the effects of bonding agent and thermo-mechanical cycling on the flexural bond strength of a gold and cobalt-chromium alloy to a feldspathic ceramic. Sixty-four metal bars were fused (3 × 25 × 0.5 mm3): 32 with a gold alloy and 32 with a cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy. Over the bars’ central area (8 × 3 mm2), a bonding agent and two glass-ceramic layers were fired, totaling 1 mm in ceramic thickness. Eight specimens of each alloy were randomly divided according to the bonding agent (application or the absence thereof) and the thermo-mechanical cycle (3,000 thermo-cycles and 20,000 mechanical-cycles; or no cycling). The flexural bond strength between the metal alloy and the ceramic was evaluated by a three-point bending test and data were subjected to three-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). The failure mode was classified. No significant interactions were observed among the three factors evaluated (alloy, bonding agent, and thermo-mechanical cycling; p = 0.5734). There was no statistically significant difference between the alloys (p = 0.8559). The interaction between alloy/bonding agent (p = 0.0001) showed that, for the gold alloy, the group with the bonding agent showed mean values of flexural bond strength significantly higher than those of the group without the bonding agent, while, for the Co-Cr alloy, the groups with or without bonding agent had similar mean values of flexural bond strength. The interaction between alloy/thermo-mechanical cycling (p = 0.0001) showed that, for the gold alloy, the non-cycled group had flexural bond strength mean values significantly greater than those of the cycled group, while for the Co-Cr alloy, both non-cycled and cycled groups had similar mean values. The bonding agent significantly improved the flexural bond strength between the ceramic and the gold alloy, but had no influence on the Co-Cr alloy. Thermo-mechanical cycling decreased the flexural bond strength of the gold alloy specimens, but did not affect the Co-Cr specimens.

Background

The metal-ceramic system (porcelain fused to metal–PFM) has been the most commonly used indirect restorative treatment since its introduction in dentistry [1, 2]. The noble alloys used for the infrastructure of metal-ceramic restorations have high biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, and excellent bonding to veneering ceramic. However, the high cost of noble alloys has limited their use [3], concomitantly causing the development and the increased use of basic alloys for the manufacture of crowns and FPD infrastructures.

The cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloys became popular due to their low toxicity and good mechanical properties, such as adequate resistance to permanent deformation and high modulus of elasticity [47]. However, the difficulty in controlling chromium oxide (Cr2O3) layer formation at high temperatures remains a drawback of this basic alloy, negatively affecting the bonding between metal and aesthetic veneering ceramic [7]. Therefore, the longevity of metal-ceramic restorations might be dependent of the bond strength between the ceramic and the metallic infrastructure.

Some surface treatments have been studied and the use of an intermediate bonding agent is one of them [810]. The bonding agent is the layer of a PFM system interposed between the metal substructure and the outer aesthetic layers. Its primary functions are to create an adequate reflective absorbing layer covering the metal, and also to provide good bonding between the metal infrastructure and the porcelain [11]. The bonding agent materials available on the market are delivered by different application methods and techniques. Such materials are ceramics with higher metal oxide concentrations than body or incisal ceramics [12]. However, the literature is controversial regarding the benefit of these materials for the bond strength between metal and ceramic. According to Lehner and Holtan (1988) [9] and Wood, Thompson and Agar (2007) [10], the use of these agents may be unnecessary for some alloys.

The longevity of restorations can be also damaged by adverse conditions found in the oral environment, such as the chewing cycle and the temperature changes caused by food intake. To approximate the conditions of in vitro studies to in vivo conditions, several laboratory studies [1317] have used combinations of thermal and mechanical cycling to provide aging to the specimens. Generally, during mechanical cycling, a load is applied on the specimens repeatedly, simulating chewing cycles [18, 19], while in the thermal cycling, sudden and extreme changes in temperature are intended to simulate a hostile oral environment for the dental materials [20].

Although the effect of fatigue conditions on flexural bond strength of ceramics to basic metal and gold alloys has been verified by several studies [13, 14, 16, 17, 2123], there is no investigation concerning about the combined effect of a bonding agent and the thermo-mechanical cycling on the bond strength of dental ceramics to metal alloys. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro influence of a bonding agent and thermo-mechanical cycling on the flexural bond strength between a ceramic and a gold or cobalt-chromium alloy. The study hypotheses were that alloy types produce similar flexural bond strength values, the bonding agent increases the flexural bond strength between ceramic and metal, and thermo-mechanical cycling reduces flexural bond strength values.

Methods

Fabrication of metallic bars

Rectangular acrylic templates (27 × 3 × 0.5 mm3) were used for the fabrication of the bars. Wax sprues (Horus, Herpo Produtos Dentários Ltd, São Paulo, Brazil) were perpendicularly attached at one end of the template and connected to a 5-mm-diameter central wax rod (Wax Wire for Casting Sprues, Dentaurum, Pforzheim, Germany). The assembly was mounted in a silicone ring and filled with investment material (Bellavest® T, Bego, Bremen, Germany). After the investment material set, the silicone ring and the sprue former were separated from the investment mold.

The metallic bars were cast in Co-Cr (Wirobond® C, Bego) (N = 32) or in gold alloy (Olympia-Jelenko, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Germany) (N = 32) in an electrical induction furnace (Fornax GEU®, Bego) under argon gas. The sprues were eliminated, and the metallic strips were separated by the use of carbide discs at low speed. After the bars were removed from the investment material, their margins were trimmed to final dimensions of 25 × 3 × 0.5 mm3[24], with the measurements controlled by means of a 0.01-mm precision digital caliper (Model Starrett 727, Starrett, Itu, Brazil).

One side of each metallic bar was randomly selected, and its metallic surface was roughened with a cylindrical aluminum oxide white stone (Shofu, Menlo Park, NJ, USA) and a tungsten bur (Edenta 5720.040, Labordental, São Paulo, Brazil) in one direction parallel to the bar’s long axis, according to the VM13 ceramic manufacturer’s instructions.

Air-particle abrasion with Al2O3 was standardized through a specially developed device, which maintained the metallic bars at a previously selected distance (20 mm) and at a 90° angle between the sandblaster nozzle and the metal bar [14]. The metallic bars were then ultrasonically cleaned in isopropyl alcohol (Vitasonic II, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) for 10 min and dried at room temperature.

Ceramic layer application

The metallic bars were divided into 4 groups (n = 16) according to the alloy and intermediate bonding agents (Table 1). Prior to opaque application, only gold bars were oxidized without vacuum, from 650 to 1010°C, in a porcelain furnace (Vacumat 40, Vita Zahnfabrik). An area of 8 × 3 mm2 was initially marked on the Co-Cr and the gold bars with a graphite pencil.

Table 1 Experimental groups, alloys and bonding agents

On half of the metallic bars (n = 32), a brush was used to apply a thin layer of bonding agent (VM 13 Wash Opaque, Vita Zahnfabrik, # 15790) (WO) to the surface delimited by the metal device [13, 14], while the other half did not receive the opaque layer.

Then, the opaque ceramic (Opaque Vita VM 13, Vita Zahnfabrik, #28940) was applied in the form of pulverized powder and liquid, homogenized in a container connected to a dispenser. The thickness (1 mm) of the ceramic layer (2M2, Vita VM 13, Vita Zahnfabrik, #10770) was standardized by the positioning of the bars in a metallic device.

After removal from the assembly, the ceramic was fired. Due to shrinkage, a second layer was applied, and the specimens were submitted to a final glaze firing [25].

Mechanical and thermal cycling

Thirty-two specimens for each surface treatment, gold or Co-Cr combinations, were randomly divided into two subgroups: one subjected to mechanical and thermal cycling, and the other one was stored in distilled water for 24 h at 37°C (control group) prior to the flexural strength test. The mechanical cycling was performed in a mechanical stress simulator (Model ER-11000, ERIOS, São Paulo, Brazil). Twenty thousand cycles were performed, with a 1 cycle/sec of frequency and a constant load of 10 N [16]. During the cycling, the bars remained immersed in distilled water at a controlled temperature of 37°C. Then, the specimens were thermo-cycled for 3000 cycles between 5 ± 1 and 55 ± 1°C in deionized water (Nova Etica, São Paulo, Brazil). The dwell time at each temperature was 10 sec, and the transfer time from one bath to the other was 5 sec. Those specimens stored in distilled water were tested without thermo-mechanical cycling after the 24-hour period.

Flexural bond strength test

The “flexural bond strength” term frequently used to predict the bond strength between metal alloys and the veneering ceramic using a flexural strength test. The three-point flexural strength test is the recommended test by the International Organization for Standardization to evaluate the metal/ceramic bond strength [26].

The flexural bond strength tests were performed in a universal testing machine (DL-1000, EMIC, São José dos Pinhais, Brazil), with the load applied at a constant 1.5 mm/min speed until fracture (Figure 1). The load leading to the initial separation of materials was obtained in kilogram force (kgf) and converted to Newtons (N), for the calculation of flexural strength according to the following equation:

Flexural Bond Strength MPa = 3 Pl / 2 bd 2

where P was the maximum load upon fracture (N), l the span distance (mm), b the width, and d the thickness of the specimen (mm).

Figure 1
figure 1

Optical microscopic images of a gold alloy with bonding agent application (G1) after a flexural bond strength test, showing opaque layer remnants on the gold surface (mixed failure).

Fracture analysis

The specimens were analyzed by visual inspection, and representative images were digitally recorded with a camera (Cybershot, Model DSC S85, Sony, Tokyo, Japan) connected to a stereomicroscope (Stemi 2000-C, Carl Zeiss, Göttingen, Germany), under 30x magnification, to characterize the metal surfaces and the failure modes. The failure types were classified as: adhesive, along the interfacial region between the opaque ceramic and the metal; cohesive, inside the metal; cohesive, inside the ceramic; or a mixture of adhesive failure between the opaque ceramic and the metal, with cohesive fracture of the ceramic.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using Minitab version 14.12, 2004 (Minitab, Inc., State College, PA, USA) and Statistix for Windows (Analytical Software Inc., Version 8.0, 2003, Tallahassee, FL, USA). A three-factor ANOVA was used to assess the effects of the type of alloy, intermediate bonding agent, and thermo-mechanical cycling on the flexural bond strength. Tukey’s test was used for multiple comparisons. The level of significance was set at 5%. The assumptions of the ANOVA were verified prior to analysis: the residuals were normally distributed, and the plot of the residuals against predicted values indicated homogeneity of variance.

Results

The means and standard deviations of the experimental groups are described in Table 2. The results of the three-way ANOVA of the experimental conditions are shown in Table 3.

Table 2 The mean and standard deviations flexural bond strength values (MPa) for all experimental conditions
Table 3 Results of three-way ANOVA for the data obtained by experimental conditions

There were no significant interactions among the three studied factors: alloy, bonding agent, and thermo-mechanical cycling (p = 0.5734). The interactions between alloy/bonding agent and alloy/thermo-mechanical cycling were statistically significant (p = 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the alloys (p = 0.8559).

The Tukey multiple-comparison test results established that when the alloy/bonding agent interaction effect was analyzed, the absence of bonding agent significantly reduced the mean flexural bond strength for the gold alloy, while the Co-Cr alloy groups, with or without bonding agent, had similar flexural bond strength means (Table 4).

Table 4 Tukey (5%) test for flexural bond strength values (MPa) for interaction between alloy and bonding agent

Regarding the alloy/thermo-mechanical cycling effect interaction, the results demonstrated that thermo-mechanical cycling significantly reduced the mean flexural bond strength for the gold alloy, while for the Co-Cr alloy the mean bond strength values were similar. When the two alloys were compared, it was verified that both had similar flexural bond strength values in the absence and in the presence of thermo-mechanical cycling (Table 5).

Table 5 Tukey (5%) test for flexural bond strength values (MPa) for interaction between alloy and mechanico-thermal cycling

Under visual inspection, most specimens exhibited an opaque layer and ceramic on the surface of the metal, suggesting a mixture of adhesive failure between the opaque ceramic and the metal, with cohesive fracture of the ceramic (Table 6). Only a few specimens showed primarily adhesive failure along the metal/ceramic interface, without the visual presence of ceramic on the metallic surface. A visible dark oxide layer was observed on all specimens. No totally cohesive failures of the metal or the ceramic were observed.

Table 6 Incidence of failure types (%) after flexural bond strength test

Stereomicroscopic images representing the surfaces of the metal and the ceramic of all groups, after the three-point flexural strength test, are illustrated in Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4.

Figure 2
figure 2

Optical microscopic images of a gold alloy without bonding agent application (G2) after flexural bond strength test, showing opaque layer remnants on the gold surface (mixed failure).

Figure 3
figure 3

Optical microscopic images of a Co-Cr alloy with bonding agent application (G3) after flexural bond strength test, showing opaque layer remnants on metal surface (mixed failure).

Figure 4
figure 4

Optical microscopic images of a Co-Cr alloy without bonding agent application (G4) after flexural bond strength test, showing opaque layer remnants on metal surface (mixed failure).

Discussion

This study evaluated the flexural bond strength of a gold alloy (Olympia, Jelenko) and a chromium-cobalt alloy (Wirobond C, Bego) to a veneering feldspathic ceramic (Vita VM 13, Vita Zahnfabrik), in the presence or absence of a bonding agent (Wash Opaque, Vita Zahnfabrik) and with or without the aging of the samples. The results showed no significant difference between the studied alloys, in agreement with the results of recent studies [10, 14]. Wood, Thompson and Agar (2007) [10] compared the bond strength of two ceramics and two alloys (a basic and a gold), by means of a bending test, and found that the alloy type had no significant effect. Oliveira de Vasconcellos, et al. (2011) [14] observed the effect of Al2O3 particle-blasting using the same materials (alloys and ceramics) and methodology as used in this study, and found that the flexural bond strength values were similar to those of the gold and Co-Cr alloys.

Different methods and application techniques for the opaque ceramic layer have been tested to verify the ideal bond between metal and ceramic [10, 11, 13, 2729]. In the present study, the opaque ceramic used was applied in two steps, being the Wash Opaque (WO) applied first, and then, the opaque (OP). Wash Opaque and the respective opaque material are available for the wash back and have the same chemical-physical properties [25]. The Wash Opaque layer functions to form the oxides required for adhesion between alloy and ceramic, to prepare for the bonding to the alloy surface, and to increase the chroma of the restoration, especially in basic alloys [25], and can be characterized as a bonding agent.

In this study, the two alloys were tested in the presence and absence of the bonding agent, and its presence improved flexural bond strength values for specimens from the gold alloy group, whereas for the Co-Cr alloy specimens, the presence or absence of the Wash Opaque layer did not affect flexural bond strength values. Wood, Thompson and Agar (2007) [10] compared the flexural bond strength of two ceramics and two alloys (a basic and a gold) with and without the application of an opaque ceramic layer, obtaining results similar to those of this study. They concluded that the presence of the opaque ceramic generally increased the bond strength to the ceramic systems tested; however, the magnitude varied with the alloy/ceramic combination, and the opaque ceramic layer application may not be necessary for some metal-ceramic systems.

To simulate the harsh conditions of the oral environment, several studies have used combinations of thermal and mechanical cycling [1317]. Mechanical cycling aims to reproduce the effects of repetitive masticatory loads [18, 19], to determine the survival of the restorative material over time. During this simulation, cracks or wear surfaces can contribute to the deterioration of the material [20]. Thermal cycling, with its successive temperature changes during water immersion, induces repeated stress that weakens the bond between metal and ceramics, due to the difference between these materials’ coefficients of thermal expansion [16].

In the present study, half of the samples were subjected to thermo-mechanical cycling, and the results demonstrated that this significantly reduced the flexural bond strength values for the gold alloy specimens, whereas, for the Co-Cr specimens, it decreased the flexural bond strength values, but without statistically significant differences. These results for the gold alloy group corroborate the results of other studies [14, 16, 17], which used the same conditions of thermo-mechanical cycling. Moreover, de Vasconcellos, et al. (2010) [13] examined the influence of temperature firing of the opaque layer and thermo-mechanical cycling on flexural bond strength between a ceramic and a Co-Cr alloy, and observed that the thermo-mechanical cycling did not significantly influence the bond strength between the ceramic and the basic alloy. Similar results were found by Tróia et al. (2003) [13, 21]. The Co-Cr alloy was not significantly influenced by both the effect of the presence or absence of the Wash Opaque bonding agent, and the presence or absence of thermo-mechanical cycling. One possible explanation for this phenomenon may be the difference between the opaque layer firing temperature when the ceramic (Vita VM 13) is applied to a basic metal (Wash Opaque at 940°C and opaque ceramic at 920°C) and when the same ceramic is applied to noble metals (Wash Opaque at 890°C and opaque ceramic at 890°C). In addition, previous studies [13, 28] evaluating the effect of increasing the firing temperature of the opaque layer on the bond strength between metal and ceramics have found that increasing this temperature improved the strength between metal and ceramic. The technique of increasing this temperature is based on the hypothesis that there is an increase in electron transference between the glass and metal oxides [29]. On the other hand, Vojdani et al. (2012) [23] evaluates in a recent study the effect of thermo-mechanical cycling (TMC) on the bond strength of a ceramic to three cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) and two nickel-chromium (Ni-Cr) alloys, and they observed the thermo-mechanical fatigue condition decreases the bond strength of Ni-Cr and Co-Cr alloys to the ceramic. However, the authors affirmed the tested metal-ceramic systems still show sufficient bond strength for clinical performance of the restorations and the effect of thermo-mechanical cycling was relatively the same for all the tested base metal-ceramic systems.

Mechanical tests such as the tensile [30], shear [3, 31, 32], three-point bending [1416], and four-point bending [11] can be applied to compare or quantify the bond strength between metals and ceramics, and there is no consensus in the literature regarding the most indicated test to evaluate the bond strength between these two materials [33, 34]. Della Bona and Van Noort [35] purposed a study using the shear bond strength test and they observed that this kind of test created cohesive fractures into the ceramic in all the samples, because of the highly non-uniform tension distribution on the interface of the materials [35]. However, since the specimens are simultaneously submitted to shearing, tensile, and compression forces during the flexural strength or bending test, this test seems to be the most indicated to simulate the clinical condition [36]. Therefore, the test selected for this study was the three-point bending test, which is also recommended by the International Organization for Standardization [24] to analyze the bond strength between metals and ceramics [26]. According to this standard [24], the appropriate union between a metal and a ceramic occurs when the flexural bond strength value is greater than 25 MPa. Only G2 specimens (gold without WO) with thermo-mechanical cycling did not attain an average flexural bond strength value greater than the minimum established by ISO 9693.

The cohesive strength of the ceramic should be overcome by the interfacial bond strength between metal and porcelain [10]. Clinically, if a failure of a metal-ceramic bond should occur, it would be completely within the porcelain, that is a cohesive failure [10]. Analysis of the fracture type revealed that most of the specimens presented mixed fracture: adhesive failure between metal and ceramic, and cohesive failure in the opaque layer and covering ceramic, with the ceramic fragment in contact to the metal. De Vasconcellos, et al. (2011) [14] evaluated the effects of airborne-particle abrasion and thermo-mechanical cycling on the flexural bond strength of a ceramic fused to cobalt-chromium alloy or gold alloy and found a predominance of mixed failures for both alloys. Additionally, according to Papazoglou and Brantley (1998) [37], this provides evidence for the excellent bond strength between the metal and the ceramic.

Regarding the longevity of metal-ceramic restorations can be dependent of the bond strength between the ceramic and the metallic infrastructure, investigating the effect of a bonding agent on the bond strength of dental ceramics to base metal alloys in an aging situation seems to be an important topic to study; especially because this type of restoration is one of the most commonly used treatments in dental offices and failures by ceramic debonding from metal is still recurring. However, besides the relevance of the results of in vitro studies, longitudinal clinical trials are also required to investigate the behavior of these materials in PFM restorations in the clinical situation.

Conclusions

Based on the results and considering the levels used in this study, it can be conclude that:

  1. (1)

    Using the Wash Opaque improved the flexural bond strength between the ceramic and the gold alloy, however no influence was observed when used on the cobalt-chromium alloy; and

  2. (2)

    Thermo-mechanical cycling decreased the flexural bond strength of specimens with the gold alloy, but did not affect those with the Co-Cr alloy.

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Correspondence to Flávia Zardo Trindade.

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FZT and LCA planned the project and methodology, executed part of the methodology and wrote the paper. JMCL executed part of methodology and wrote the paper. LGOV got the idea and corrected the final version of the manuscript. IB executed the statistical analyses. LNJ and MAB guided the conception idea, the project planning and raised funds to do the study. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Trindade, F.Z., Anami, L.C., da Costa Lima, J.M. et al. The effect of a bonding agent and thermo-mechanical cycling on the bond strength of a glass-ceramic to gold and cobalt-chromium alloys. Appl Adhes Sci 2, 16 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/2196-4351-2-16

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